The Employment and Social Developments in Europe (ESDE) review is an annual review of the latest employment and social trends, reflecting on upcoming challenges and possible policy responses.
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This year’s review reveals further positive employment and social developments in the EU. However, despite recent improvements, huge disparities still exist between Member States, in terms of economic growth, employment and other key social and labour market indicators. Many of these disparities, says the Commission, are linked to an underutilisation of human capital on several fronts.
The 2015 ESDE report looks at ways of tackling these disparities, focusing in particular on job creation, labour market efficiency, social protection modernisation and investment in people.
Promoting job creation
The ESDE 2015 review highlights the potential of self-employment and entrepreneurship to create more jobs. However, the data suggests that some groups, including young people, old people, women, and ethnic minorities, may face stronger barriers to start their own businesses. In addition, this year’s report indicates that a majority of people do not feel that they possess the necessary skills or knowledge to start a business. The ESDE review reveals that targeted policies can help. These can include easier access to financing or fiscal incentives, entrepreneurship education or access to child and elderly care.
The ESDE review also reports an increase in the variety of employment contracts, which allow for flexible working arrangements and therefore increased labour market participation, but can also lead to labour market segmentation. While some new contracts offer a potential win-win situation, others bring about work uncertainty. Flexibility is important, but security is also needed an issue that will also be addressed in the context of developing the European Pillar of Social Rights.
Improving labour market efficiency
The 2015 ESDE review reveals that the EU can make better use of its human resources through mobility. Although the number of mobile workers has increased over the past two decades, their share in the total work force remains limited: Only 4% of the EU’s population aged 15 to 64 live in a Member State other than the one they were born in. Yet, mobile EU workers tend to have better employment prospects overall than the native population. In addition, their flows have reduced unemployment in some Member States hit hardest by the crisis and helped address staff shortages in receiving countries. The ESDE review therefore clearly underlines the economic potential of mobility.
The review also looks at long-term unemployment, which affects about 11.4 million people in the EU. Fighting long-term unemployment is crucial when striving to improve labour market efficiency, as the long-term unemployed have about half the chance of finding employment compared to the short-term unemployed. The analysis in the ESDE review shows that being registered with national public employment services and participating in training, significantly increases the chances of moving to a sustainable job. The Recommendation on long-term unemployment adopted by the Council on 7 December 2015 is in line with these findings.
Finally, social dialogue will be crucial in promoting a sustainable and inclusive economic recovery. Social partners have been involved in the design and implementation of several major reforms and policies. For social dialogue to play this role effectively, the capacity of social partners needs to be strengthened, particularly in Member States where social dialogue is weak or has been weakened due to the economic crisis.
Investing in people
Although the level of unemployment in the EU remains high, employers continue to encounter difficulties in filling certain vacancies. In addition to genuine mismatches in skills, the ability to fill vacancies is also limited by an inability to offer attractive pay or working conditions, good training or career opportunities. The ESDE 2015 review finds that there is a significant share of non-EU workers in occupations below their qualification level. The New Skills Agenda initiative that the Commission is preparing for this year will seek to address these challenges. In addition, employment levels of women with children and older workers are still significantly low. Promoting greater labour market participation of these groups will be crucial in the context of an ageing population.
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