Nearly 200 new dams planned in European protected areas, new study finds

04 August 2020
by WWF -- last modified 04 August 2020

While freshwater biodiversity is already in crisis, protected areas are no longer a safe shelter as 509 dams are planned or under construction within them worldwide, adding to the 1,249 large dams already located in protected areas. Europe is not spared, with 40% of the planned dams (196) located in the continent.

Those findings, coming from a new study published in Conservation Letters, constitute the first-ever global assessment of the number of planned and existing dams within protected areas.

Used mostly for hydroelectricity, irrigation, and water supply, dams have a devastating effect on freshwater ecosystems, and rivers that are fragmented with dams can no longer sustain wildlife, nature, and people that rely on fish and healthy rivers. They alter rivers by disrupting critical sediment transport and flow, and blocking fish migration, which affects the ability of species to reproduce. They also affect communities which depend on thriving freshwater ecosystems for their livelihoods.

"Dams in protected areas are unacceptable. The pressure they put on biodiversity and water resources is absolutely incompatible with freshwater and nature protection. The recently proposed EU Biodiversity Strategy must tackle these threats head-on through better protection and restoration of Europe's rivers and lakes", says Claire Baffert, Senior Water Policy Officer at WWF's European Policy Office.

While large dams exist in protected areas all across the globe, they are concentrated in North America, Europe, southern Africa, and parts of Asia.

Last year, WWF's first Europe-wide mapping of hydropower plants had shown that 28% (2,396) of the 8,507 hydropower plants planned in Europe were in protected areas (33% in the EU). Out of the 2,396 plants planned in protected areas, 572 are located in the highest category of protected areas, which includes national parks, World Heritage sites, Ramsar sites or biosphere reserves.

The EU Biodiversity Strategy proposal includes a concrete commitment to restore at least 25,000 km of free-flowing rivers by 2030, and to establish protected areas for at least 30% of land in Europe (covering freshwater ecosystems). Those commitments should not be on paper only, but need to be followed by action to bring free-flowing rivers back in Europe.

"With freshwater biodiversity collapsing, we more than ever need protected areas to play their role and safeguard our European rivers," concluded Claire Baffert. "In Europe, the Birds and Habitats Directives and the Water Framework Directive constitute a strong regulatory framework to prevent river deterioration, but these laws need to be thoroughly enforced and implemented. This is currently not the case."

Today's findings are another alarm bell that the over-exploitation of rivers needs to stop. A global report published last week already revealed that migratory freshwater fish populations have declined by 76% on average worldwide since 1970, and have even collapsed by 93% in Europe. Habitat degradation, alteration and loss, and over-exploitation were found to be the biggest drivers of population decline. The fact that protected areas are not even spared by the construction of new dams is a serious red flag.
 

The European Policy Office helps shape EU policies that impact on the European and global environment.

WWF